Modeling Bounded Rationality in Capacity Allocation Games with the Quantal Response Equilibrium

We consider a supply chain with a single supplier and two retailers. The retailers choose their orders strategically, and if their orders exceed the supplier\u27s capacity, quantities are allocated proportionally to the orders. We experimentally study the capacity allocation game using subjects motivated by financial incentives. We find that the Nash equilibrium, which assumes that players are perfectly rational, substantially exaggerates retailers\u27 tendency to strategically order more than they need. We propose a model of bounded rationality based on the quantal response equilibrium, in which players are not perfect optimizers and they face uncertainty in their opponents\u27 actions. We structurally estimate model parameters using the maximum-likelihood method. Our results confirm that retailers exhibit bounded rationality, become more rational through repeated game play, but may not converge to perfect rationality as assumed by the Nash equilibrium. Finally, we consider several alternative behavioral theories and show that they do not explain our experimental data as well as our bounded rationality model

Study on use of right ventricular fractional area change assessed by echocardiogram for evaluating cardiac synchrony in heart failure patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction

Objective: To investigate the status of synchronization of cardiac mechanical contraction by means of echocardiogram in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and analyze use of right ventricular fractional area change (RVFAC) for screening cardiac mechanical dyssynchrony in the population. Methods: A total of 54 hospitalized patients with HFrEF were enrolled, with a mean left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) of 33.2%±10.1%. The patients received echocardiogram, echocardiographic and tissue Doppler imaging and 2D speckle tracking imaging. and were divided into three groups according to RVFAC level: Group 1, 19 patients with RVFAC<18%; Group 2, 19 patients with RVFAC 18%-34%; Group 3,16 patients with RVFAC≥34%. The occurrence and degree of of cardiac electrical and mechanical dyssynchrony (atrioventricular dyssynchrony, interventricular dyssynchrony and intraventricular dyssynchorny) were compared between the 3 groups. Results: There was no significant difference in the proportion of complete left bundle branch block among the 3 groups. However, compared with that in Group 3, mean QRS duration was significantly prolonged in group 1[(146.7±37.5) ms vs. (105.7±31.0) ms, P=0.003]. Compared with group 2 and 3, group 1 had higher the prevalence rate of electrical dyssynchrony (QRS>120 ms)（72%, 58%, 28%, P=0.012）, and higher the abnormal rate and more severe degree of both atrioventricular dyssynchrony index[LV-FT/RR, (37.1±10.2) ms vs. (45.6±8.4) ms vs. (48.5±5.6) ms, P<0.01] and interventricular dyssynchrony index [interventricular mechanical delay, IVMD, (49.9±29.9) ms vs. (26.4±27.0) ms vs. (6.9±35.4) ms, P<0.01]. For intraventricular dyssynchorny, asynchrony index showed no significant difference between 3 groups. Furthermore, compared with group 3 which had normal right ventricular function, Group 1 had a higher detection rate of septal flash (SF) sign (47% vs 37% in group 3, P=0.02). Conclusions: In those with HFrEF, patients with severe abnormal right ventricular systolic function have higher risk of cardiac mechanical dyssynchrony, and dyssynchrony is often more severe. RVFAC by echocardiogram may help to select those who will be benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure patients with HFrEF

Investigation of Solubility Behavior of Canagliflozin Hydrate Crystals Combining Crystallographic and Hirshfeld Surface Calculations

Canagliflozin (CG) was a highly effective, selective and reversible inhibitor of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The crystal structure of CG monohydrate (CG-H2O) was reported for the first time while CG hemihydrate (CG-Hemi) had been reported in our previous research. Solubility and dissolution rate results showed that the solubility of CG-Hemi was 1.4 times higher than that of CG-H2O in water and hydrochloric acid solution, and the dissolution rates of CG-Hemi were more than 3 folds than CG-H2O in both solutions. Hirshfeld surface analysis showed that CG-H2O had stronger intermolecular forces than CG-Hemi, and water molecules in CG-H2O participated three hydrogen bonds, forming hydrogen bond networks. These crystal structure features might make it more difficult for solvent molecules to dissolve CG-H2O than CG-Hemi. All these analyses might explain why the dissolution performance of CG-Hemi was better than CG-H2O. This work provided an approach to predict the dissolution performance of the drug based on its crystal structure

Investigation of Solubility Behavior of Canagliflozin Hydrate Crystals Combining Crystallographic and Hirshfeld Surface Calculations

Canagliflozin (CG) was a highly effective, selective and reversible inhibitor of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The crystal structure of CG monohydrate (CG-H2O) was reported for the first time while CG hemihydrate (CG-Hemi) had been reported in our previous research. Solubility and dissolution rate results showed that the solubility of CG-Hemi was 1.4 times higher than that of CG-H2O in water and hydrochloric acid solution, and the dissolution rates of CG-Hemi were more than 3 folds than CG-H2O in both solutions. Hirshfeld surface analysis showed that CG-H2O had stronger intermolecular forces than CG-Hemi, and water molecules in CG-H2O participated three hydrogen bonds, forming hydrogen bond networks. These crystal structure features might make it more difficult for solvent molecules to dissolve CG-H2O than CG-Hemi. All these analyses might explain why the dissolution performance of CG-Hemi was better than CG-H2O. This work provided an approach to predict the dissolution performance of the drug based on its crystal structure